LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Shelf .. sj^.42^..... 



UNITED STATES OF AMEEIOA. 



MARYLAND IN THE BEGINNING: ' 



A BUIKF SUBMITTED TO inK 



HISTORK^VL ANi:> POLITIOAJ. SCIENCE 
ASSOCIATION 



JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 



EDWARD D. NEILL 



' Truth is the daughter of Time 

Qui stntuit aliquid, parte inaudita altera, 
yEquum licet statuerit, haud aequu>; fuil." 



BALTIMORE; , _^ 

rUSHINGS AXD BAILEY. V^^^"/);- ~. 

262 Baltimore Street. 
1884, 




JOHNSON. SMITH & HARRISO" 

PRINTERS, 

MINNEAPOLIS, MISS 






ro I'Hi; 
PRESIDENT, PROFESSORS, 

and Graduate Students 

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY; 

Whose researches have thrown light 
upon American History, 

This Brikf 

Is dedicated hy One. 
S'^iine of whose ancestors, nearly two centuries ago, 
were planters^ and whose father and wile 
^ were born and educated in 

MARYLAND. 



MARYLAND IN THE BEGINNING, 



TUE MARYLAND CHARTER. 

Of all the proprietary grants b}^ James the First, 
and Charles the First, the charter of Maryland was 
the only one containing a clause restricting the de- 
velopment of Christianity, by requiring all churches 
and chapels to be erected in accordance with hiws 
of tlie Church of England. 

The charter of Nova Scotia, ifi favor of William 
Alexander, Earl of Stirling, A. D. 1621, mentions 
his desire " for the propagation of the Christian re- 
religion,'* and as Proprietor "his gift and right 
of patronage of churches, chapels, and benefices." 

The charter of Barbadoes was given in A. 1). I(j27 
to the Earl of Carlisle, who had a laudable and 
pious design of propagating the Christian religion 
with the privileges of the Bishop of Durham in the 
kingdom of England. 

The charter of Carolana in A. D. 1629 w^as sealed 
to Attorney-General Heath, " excited with a lauda- 
})le zeal for the propagation of the Christian faith" 
and with "privileges of the Bishop of Durham." 

The charter of Avalon' A. D. 1623 granted to Sir 

. 1 Ciardiner in his "Charles the First, from 1628—1637," erroneously mentions 
that the charter of MarylaiRi was cojiiefl trord for xord from Avalon. 

(V) 



6 

• 
(George Calvert then principal Secretary of State. 

has the same language, as those mentioned, as to 

the desire to propagate Christianity, and also gives 

the privileges of any Bishop of Durham within tlie 

l)ishoprick or County Palatine of Durham," and 

" the patronages and advowsons of all churches 

which, as Christian religion shall increase within 

the said region, isles, and limits, shall happen to 

be erected." 

The charter ot Maryland granted to Cecil Calvert, 
Baron of Baltimore, and confirmed on the 25tli ot 
-lune, 1032, confeiTed to the Proprietor the privi- 
leges of a Bishop of Durham, and the patronage 
and advowsons of all churches, but contained a 
clause not in the others, which reads '• together 
with license a,nd faculty of erecting • and founding 
churches, chapels and places of worship, in con- 
venient and suitable places within the premises, 
and causing the same to be dedicated and conse- 
crated according to the ecclesiastical laws of our 
kingdom of England.'" 

Sir Edward Northey. Attorney General of f]ng- 
land. having been asked as to the force of this clause, 
wrote: "As to the said clause in the grant of the 
province of Maryland, I am of opinion, the same doth 
not give him power to do anything contrary to the 
ecclesiastical laws of England."' 

A fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, J. A. Doyle 
in his English Colonies in America, on page 281. of 
the edition published in 1SS2 by Henry Holt and Com- 



1 ''Opinions on inleiestinrj svMjfcts <>)' pvMic laws, fie, London, 1781."' 
Chalmers, the comi>iler of this volume, educated at Aberdeen, Scotland, eaiiie 
to Maryland and practiced law. but after the Declaration of Independence by the 
Colonies, lie went to f-ondon, and was for years a Clerk of the Board of Trade. 



])aiiy, New York, in discussing the Maryland C'lia rter. 
writes: "It made Baltimore in his proprietary char- 
acter almost independent of the Crown. The only 
limitation to this was a clause, requiring that all 
churches and places of worship should be dedicated 
according to the ecclesiastical laws of the Cliurch 
of England. That Baltimore should have accepted 
this clause is significant, as it quite dispels the idea 
1 hat he intended his colony as a special refuge for 
his own sect, a stronghold for persecuted Romanism."" 



Tl. 

EMBARKATION OF COLONISTS, 

(leorge Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was not 
a rich man when he died in A. I). 1()32, and after the 
Charter of Maryland was issued to his son Cecil, the 
second lord, some time elapsed, before, the latter 
could obtain the assistance of those who had means, 
to unite with him in sending out a colony. In a 
letter of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, to Thomas, Earl of 
Strafford' written on the 10th of January, 1638 
(0. S.) from Odiham, he uses this explicit language: 
■' I have, as I said, at last, b}" the help of some of 
your Lordship's good friends, and mine, overcome 
these difficulties, and sent a hopeful colony into 
Maryland, with a fair and probable expectation of 
good success, however, without danger of any great 



1 " Lcltersand di.ipalclicnoj' TUomon, Earl of Slafford,'' Dublin, l~H), Vol. 1., i>. IT"*. 



s 

prejudice unto myself.' in respect that many others 
are joined with me in the adventure." 

During the month of July. 1633, a ship of about 
350 tons burden, called the *' Ark of Maryland," with 
a crew of '' about forty men/' had been engaged to 
carry the first colonists.' Several weeks elapsed be- 
fore the emigrants were ready, and after the '' Ark '' 
with a pinnace of twenty tons named the *'Dove." 
had fallen dow^n the Thames, a rumor spread that 
there were some on board who had not taken 
the oath of allegiance, and on the IDth of October, 
Coke, the Secretary of State, informed Admiral 
Penington, ''that the Ark, Richard Lowe, Master, 
carrying men for his new plantation in or about 
New England, had sailed from Gravesend contrary 
to orders, the company in charge of Capt. Winters, 
not having taken the oath of allegiance." In con- 
sequence of this information Edward Watkins. the 
London searcher, was sent after them, and going on 
board the ship and pinnace, offered the oath of al- 
legiance to about one hundred and twenty-eight 
persons, some, who had been on board, having for- 
saken the ships.^ This was on the 25tli of Octol)er, 
and some days elapsed before the ships left. 

Lord Baltimore, in the same letter to the Earl ot 
Strafford which has already been quoted, gives the 
following version of the stoppage of the ship and 

1 As late as Fehniary 17, 1639-40 Eiirl Aruii<lel of Wardour, wrote to Wiude- 
bank, one of the Secretaries of tlic Kin,s' : '" My son Raltiinoi'c is brought so low 
with his setting; forward the plantations of Maryland, Mith the claims, la wsuiti=i, 
and oppressions which he has met with in thit business , that I do not see how he 
ronld subsist, if I did not give him diet for his wife, children, and servants," ' 'C<iU 
Slate Papers." 

2 For order of the I'rivy Council relative to this vessel, see Ncill's "Fo»Mirf«r« 
of^ Maryland ," Munsell, Albany, 1876, pafce 59. 

3 The report of Watkins is published in "' Founders of Muri/lioid," page 61. 



9 

pinnace. He writes: "After many difficulties since 
your Lordship's departure from hence, in the pro- 
ceedings of my plantation wherein I felt your Lord- 
ship's absence, I have at last sent away my ships, 
and have deferred my own going till another time; 
and indeed, my Lord, it is not one of the least 
reasons of my stay at this time, the great desire I 
had to wait for your Lordship in that kingdom 
[Ireland], which I must confess my own affections 
importuned me to, when you went from hence, and 
I should have done it, had 1 been at liberty, but as 
1 said, my Lord, my ships are gone, after having 
been in so many ways troubled by my adversaries, 
after they had endeavored to overthrow my busi- 
ness at the CounciJ-board, after they had informed 
by several means, some of the Lords of the Coun- 
cil that I intended to carry over nuns into Spain, 
and soldiers to serve that King, which I believe 
your Lordship will laugh at as well as they did, 
after they had gotten the Attorney General to 
make an information in the Star Chamber that ni}^ 
ships were departed from Cravesend without any 
cockets from the custom-house, and in contempt of 
all authority, my people a1:)using the King's officers 
and refusing-to take the oath of allegiance, where- 
upon their Lordships sent present orders to several 
captains of the King's ships who lay in the Downs, 
to search for my ships in the river, and to follow 
them into the narrow seas if they were gone out, 
and to bring them back to Gravesend, which they 
did, and all this done before I knew anything of it, 
but imagined that my ships were all well advanced 
on their voyage. But, not to trouble your Lord- 



10 

ship with too many circumstances, I, as soon as I 
had notice of it, made it plainly appear unto their 
Lordships that the Attorney was abused and ill- 
informed, and that there was not any just cause 
of complaint in any of the former accusations, and 
that every one of them were most notoriously and 
maliciously false; whereupon they were iDleased to 
restore my ships to their former liberty." 

It was not, however, notoriously and maliciously 
false that he had made arrangements to put on 
board those who could not take the oath of^alle- 
giance. 

As sooft as he obtained the grant of Maryland he 
had secretly provided for sending Jesuits into the 
colony. Henry More, Vice Provincial of the Jes- 
uits writes: "The said Baron [Baltimore] immedi- 
ately treated with Father Richard Blount, at that 
time Provincial, at the same time writing to Father 
General, earnestly begging that he would select cer- 
tain Fathers as well for confirming the Catholics in 
their faith, and converting the heretics who were 
destined to colonize that country, as also for propa- 
gating the faith amongst infidel savages." The 
Jesuit Fathers are supposed to have joined the 
ships at the Isle of Wight.' 

In the " Relation of the Lord Baltimore's Planta- 
tion," issued by the Proprietor in 1635, there is a 
most excellent statement as to the beginning of the 
Province in the following language: "His Most 
Excellent Majesty having by his letters patent 
under the great scale of England granted a certain 
country in America, now called Maryland, in honor 

\ "Records of the Engrlish Province of Jesuits, ' by Henry Foley, S. J., Vol. 3. 



11 

of our gratious Queen, unto the Lord Baltimore, 
with diver.s privileges and encouragements to those 
that sliould adventure with his Lordship in the 
Plantation of that country: the benefits and hon- 
ors of such an action was readily apprehended by 
divers gentlemen of good birth and qualitie, who 
thereupon resolved to adventure their persons and 
a good part of their fortunes with his Lordship in 
the pursuit of so noble, and in all likelihood so 
advantageous, an enterprize. The Lord was at first 
resolved to go in person, but more important reasons 
persuading his stay at home', he appointed his 
brother, Mr. Leonard Calvert, to go as Governor in 
his stead, with whom he joined in commission Mr. 
Jerome Hawley and Mr. Thomas Cornwallis, two 
worthy and able gentlemen. 

" These, with the other gentlemen adventurers and 
their servants to the number of near 200 people," 
embarked themselves for the voyage in the good 
ship called the Ark of 300 tunne and upward, whicli 
was attended by his Lordship's pinnace called the 
Dove of about 50 tunne." 

On Friday, the 22d of November, 1638, the expe- 
dition sailed from the Isle of Wight. 

1 Cardinal Manning in reply to Gladstone makes the following inaccurate 
statements : "Lord Haltimore, wlio had been Secretary of Slate under James I., 
in 1635. emigrated to the American plantations " 

2 Near two hundred people is a correct statement. In a hurried letter to the 
Earl of Strafford, Baltimore makes the number three hundred. 

In an elal)orate essay published in 18<3, by the Maryland Historical Society. 
on '■ The Foundation of Maryland," by Br:idley T. Johnson, it is assumed that 
only one hundred and twenty-eight colonists left the Thames, because one month 
before they sailed tiom the Isle of Wight, there happened to be one hundred and 
twenty-eight on board at Gravesend. Aft 'r Octolier 25th. 1653, whe i the oath of 
allegiance was administered, it was possible for others to have come on board be- 
fore the vessel went to sea. It is also assumud that ihe remainder of the near two 
hundred came on board at the Isle of Wight. For thii statement I can find no 
proof. Lord Baltimore writes that two of his brothers " with very near twenty 
other gentlemen of very good fashion," were in the first e^pedition, Mr. Johnson 
makes the gentlemen twenty, besides Leonard Calvert. Cornwallis and Hawley, 
in all twenty-three, including the three .lesu its. There were, in fact, when the 
expedition sailed from the Isle of Wight, but twenty in all. One of these, Fairfax, 
and perhaps others, died on the voyage. 



12 



HI. 



FAITH OF THE COLONISTS. 

More than three-fourths of the colonists were not 
in sympathy with the Church of Rome, and the 
gentlemen of most influence in the early Maryland 
settlement were all decided adherents to the Church 
of England. The Jesuit Fathers are emphatic on 
this point. In a communication supposed to have 
been written by Father White to his Superior, the 
opening sentence is in these words: " In a country 
like this, newly planted, and depending wholly upon 
England for its subsistence, where there is not, nor 
can be, until England is re-united to the Church, 
any ecclesiastical discipline established by laws ot 
the Province, or granted l^y the Prince, nor Provin- 
cial Synod held, nor Spiritual Courts created, nor 
the canon laws accepted, nor ordinary or other 
ecclesiastical persons admitted as such, nor the Catho- 
lic Relifjiou publicly allowed. And wdiereas three 
iarts of four, at least, are heretics, 1 desire to be 
resolved." 

In the important Assembly which met on the 25th 
of January, 1637, 0. S., there were only a few ad- 
herents of the Church of Rome. Father More in 
a memorial laid before the Sacred Congregation for 
the Propagation of the Faith, writes: "For since 
the said Baron was unable to govern Maryland in 
person he appointed as his substitute a certain Mr. 
Lewger' his Secretaiy, who was formerly a minister 

1 Lewger was a college friend at Oxford of Lord Baltimore. A notice of him 
will be found in "Terra Maria;.'" J. B, Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1867. Also 
in "Englisll Colonization of America."" Strahan <fe Co., London, 187L and •'Found- 
ers of Maryland "' .Toel Munsell. Albany, IbTO. 



18 

and preacher, and being converted to the faith, re- 
tained yet much of the leaven of heresy, for he still 
maintained those dogmas so justly offensive to 
Catholic ears, that no external jurisdiction was given 
by God to the Supreme Pontiff, but merely an inter- 
nal one, in foro conscientiie." 

After specifying some other propositions ad- 
vanced by Mr. Lewger, Father More used this lan- 
guage: "Therefore this Secretary having sum- 
moned the Parliament in Maryland, composed with 
few exceptions of heretics, and presided over by 
himself, in the name of the Lord Baltimore him- 
self, he attempted to pass '" '" * laws repug- 
nant to the Catholic faith and Ecclesiastical immun- 
ities."^ 

Gerard, a young man of twenty years of age, 
whose family in England sympathized w^ith the 
Church of Rome, in about twelvr ujuths returned 
home.' The young brothers of Sir John Winter 
lived but two or three years. Every one of the 
original twenty", except the three Jesuits, of- whom 
we know anything, who had intelligence and force 
of character and settled in the Province was 
not a Roman Catholic. Father More writes to the 



1 Lewger was the first Secretary of the Province, and received all papers. 
As Governor talvert was obliged to be absent during a portion of the session he 
issued a commission of which the following is an cxti'act : "I have authorized 
and deputed and do hereby appoint, authorize and depute Mr. John Lewger, Sec- 
retary, in my name and place, to hold and continue the said Assembly at the day 
appointed and give service for nie ; also to adjourn and dismiss the Assembly." 

2 "Recor.ls of the Knglish Province of the Society of Jesus,'' Vol.3, p. 362. 
See also an article "Light upon the Early History of Maryland," P'ennsylvania 
Historical Society Magazine,. Vol. 5, 1881. page tA. 

3 Richard, brother of Sir William Gerard Bt., in 1635, returned to England, 
raised a company of foot, and went into the service of Spain in the low countries. 
He visited Queen Henrietta Maria, of England, at the Hague, who commissioned 
him as Lt. -Colonel during the civil war to ra-se troops He then Joined Charles 
the First at O.vford. and in the attack of Burton on Trent, was severely wounded. 
He went with the King to Hurst Castle, and bore his last message to the (Jueen. 
After the restoration he became cup-bearer to I he Queen Mother, and died at ince, 
Sept. 5, 1686. 



14 

Propaganda at Rome, in a Memorial, which is in the 
third volume of the Records of the English Jesuits, 
edited by Foley, that the Jesuits in Maryland can- 
not expect " sustenance from heretics hostile to the 
faith, nor from the Catholics, who are for the most 
part j)oor,'' And yet Mr. Bradley T. Johnson, in 
his paper on the "Foundation of Maryland," pub- 
lished by the Maryland Historical Society,- makes 
the following statement: 

" The first colony was numerically Protestant; 
politically, socially, and religiously it was Roman 
Catholic/ The physical power was Protestant; the 
intellectual and moral and political control was 
Roman Catholic." 



IV. 



ARRIVAL IN MARYLAND. 

GoveVnor Calvert was kindly received at Point 
(yomfort by Governor Harvey, of Virginia, and he 
offered him "as much brick and tiles as he should 
have occasion to employ until he made his own."" 

Captain Newport in A. D. 1()07, at an island at 
the foot of the Falls of the James River ]3lanted a 
cross, and took possession of Virginia in the name 
of King James, and on March 25th, 1634, upon 
Saint Clement's island in the Potomac River, Gov- 



1 Scliiiif in his History of Maryland -wiites as if he had not seen the Jesuit 
statement as to the overwhehniiig: majority of Protestants in the first Colony, and 
also that of the Bishop of London in li;76 : "Those of the Romish belief who, 
'tis conjectured, do not amount to one of a hundred of the people " 

2 Many old houses in Maryland and Virginia are erroneously supposed to 
have been built of brick brought from England. 



15 

ernor Calvert planted a cross. "The Relation of 
Maryland " published' in 1634, thus describes the cer- 
emony: "We all kneeled down and said certain 
prayers, taking possession of the country for our 
Saviour, and the King of England." Father White 
gives a fuller account. 

Leaving the "Ark " at the island. Governor Cal- 
vert in the pinnace " Dove,'' ascended the river as 
far as the Indian village " Paschatoway." After a 
brief visit he returned, and then he went to a trib- 
utary of the Potomac which was called Saint 
George, and the colonists went up this stream 
"about four leagues." Captain Henry Fleet, a 
Protestant of Virginia, "a man especially accept- 
able to the savages, well versed in their language, 
and acquainted with the country, pointed out to 
the Governor a spot so charming in its situation 
that Europe itself can scarcely show one to surpass 
it," which was the Indian village of Yoacomoco, 
and here Calvert and party located and named the 
place Saint Mary. 

1 The first work on the Province of INIarylaud liad this title: "A rehition of 
the successful beginnings of the lord Baltimore's Plantation in Mary Land l-!eing 
an extract of Certain Letters written from thence, and by some of The Adventurers 
to Their b riends in England. 

Anno Domini 1634." 
This little book ■was reprinted by Joel Munsell, Albany, in 1865 
The next year another book appeared, called: 

A 
RELATION 
of 
Maryland, 
Together , 

f A Map of the Covnitry, 
• I The Conditions of Plantations, 
With 1 His Majestie's Charter to 
I the Lord Baltimore, 
[ 'J'ranslated in En ulish. 
These bookes are to be had at Master William Peasley, E.sq., his house on the 
back side of Drury Lane, neere the Cock Pit Playhou.se; or in his absence, at 
Master John Morgan's house in High Holborne. over agauist the Dolpliin, Lon- 
don. 

September the 8, Anno Dom. 163')." 
This was reprinted by Joseph Sabin, Xew York, in 1865. 



16 

V. 

THE FIRST COMMISSIONERS. 

THOMAS CORNWALLIS. 

Lord Baltimore prudently associated Thomas 
Cornwallis and Jerome Hawley with his brother 
Leonard Calvert in the first government of the Prov- 
ince. Governor Calvert never exhibited any execu- 
tive abilit}^ George Evelyn, who knew the family, 
once said: "What was Leonard Calvert himself at 
school but a dunce and blockhead; and now it has 
come to this, that such a fellow must be Governor 
of a Province and assumes such lordly airs.'*^ Ob- 
stinacy in public affairs, want of thrift, and subserv- 
iency to the strong minded Margaret Brent, did 
not add to his popularity. His nuncupative will as 
recorded at Annapolis, betrayspoverty of mindand 
poverty in this world's gQods.' Without the pres- 
ence of Thomas Cornwallis there would have been 
great confusion in public affairs, and the colony 
might have failed. He was the foremost man in 
"intellectual and moral and political'' matters. 

His ancestors for many generations had occupied 

positions of distinction in England.'^ His grand- 

■ - - 

1 Streeter's "First Commander of Kent Island, "page 6. 

2 An abstract is in "Founders of Maryland." page 66 He leaves his cloth 
suit of clothes to Richard Willam.a servant, his black suit to another servant, James 
Lindsay. To Margaret brent he said: "I make joii my sole executor. Take 
all and pay all." 

3 In the days of Richard the Second, an ancestor, Thomas Cornwallifs, was a 
merchant in London His great-grandson, >ir Thomas, was recalled before 
the taking of Calais, and in Queen Mary's time bui;t Brome Hall in Suffolk. The 
following pasquinades appeared in his time. 

'■ Who built Hrome Hall? Sir Thomas Cornwallis. 
How did he build it? By selling of Calais " 
Another was: 

"Sir Thomas Cornwallis what got you for Calais? 
Brome Hall, Brome Hall as lar^e as a palace." 
Sheriff Thomas Cornwallis of London, A. D lo7.-<, was also an ancestor of Lord 
Cornwallis who surrendered at Yorntown. See (.Correspondence of Marquis Corn- 
wallis, Vol. 1, London, 1869. 



17 

father Sir Charles Corn wal lis, the second son of Sir 
Thomas Cornwallis, Kt., Comptroller of the House- 
hold of Queen Mary, was knighted by James the 
First, and in A. D. 1603, sent as Ambassador to Spain. 
A Jesuit Father in a letter preserved in the "Rec- 
ords of the English Province of the Society of Jesus," 
writes of "Sir William Cornwallis who married the 
daughter of Baron Latimer,' and his brother Charles, 
who are not Catholics." • 

Upon his return from Spain, Sir Charles was 
made Treasurer of the Household of Prince Henry, 
and subsequently wrote a book which was pub- 
lished in 1641, with the title "The Life and Death 
of Henr3^ Prince of Wales." 

The father of the Maryland Commissioner,' Sir 
William Cornwallis, Knight, of Brome, Suffolk, 
was distinguished for his virtues and talents, and 
for his literary essays. 

When Cornwallis embarked for America, he was. 
about thirty-three years of age, and his partner in ' 
business, John Saunders, was a fellow passenger, 
who died soon after his arrival in Maryland. 

In defending the Province from the aggressions 
of Virginia traders and the incursions of the sav- 
ages he was always the leader, and a publication ot 
that period' described him as "that noble, right 

1 His wife Lucy was the third daughter of John Neville, Lord Latimer. Vis- 
itation of Noliivgliamshiie.'" 

2 His mother was Catherine, the daughter if Sir Philip Pnrker, of Erwarton, 
Suffolk. His uncle Thomas married Anna, daughter of Samuel Bevercott, the pre- 
decessor of William Hrewster, the leader of the Plymouth Colony as Postmaster 
at Scrooby 

3 Sir William Cornwallis. the younger, was the author of the following works: 
■'Essays." London 16u0. 

"Discourses upon Seneca, the tragedian," 1601. 
"l^nion of England and Scotland." I(i04 
"Essays upon t«adness and .lulian the Apostate," 1616. 
"Praise of King Richard," 1617. 

4 Nova Albion. 



18 

valiant, and politic soldier.'* In commercial affairs 
he was at the head and was recognized as the 
wealthiest man in the settlement. In an assess- 
ment of taxables of St. Mary in 1641, for 806 pounds 
of tobacco, the amount levied upon him was one- 
fourth, 200 pounds, and the next largest levy was 
for 50 pounds. Among the unprinted records of 
Maryland there is this description of his surround- 
ings in his own language: "By God's blessing upon 
his endeavors he had acquired a settled and com- 
fortable subsistence, having a comfortable dwelling- 
house furnished with plate, fine hangings, bedding, 
brass, pewter, and all manner of household stuff, 
worth altogether a thousand pounds, about twenty 
servants, at least a hundred head of cattle, a great 
stock of swine and goats, some sheep and horses, a 
new pinnace about twenty tons, well rigged and 
fitted, besides a new shallop and other small boats.''' 

In the legislature he was ever watchful that there 
was no encroachment upon the liberties granted by 
Magna Charta, by the Proprietor or his repre- 
sentative, Leonard Calvert, the Governor of the 
Province. 

The first legislature of whose proceedings we 
have any record is that which assembled in Janu- 
ary, 1637, 0. S., 1638 N. S., and in this Cornwallis 
was the master spirit. While Governor Calvert 
ever narrow^ and impolitic declared that the Assem- 
bly had no power to frame laws, the members pro- 
ceeded to appoint a committee of five on legislation. 
Cornwallis received fifty-four votes, and George 

1 Johnson's ' Foundation of Maryland,' page 168. 



19 

Evelyn forty-eight votes, while Governor Calvert had 
only thirty-eight. From the proceedings of the 
Assembly, the following is taken. "On the 8th day 
of February between two and three o'clock in the 
afternoon, the House "being sat" the President [Cal- 
vert] declared that he thought it fit to adjourn the 
house for a longer time, till the laws which they 
would propound to the Lord Proprietor were made 
ready. 

"Captain Cornwaleys replied they could not spend 
their time in any business better than this, for the 
country's good, and one of the planters demanded 
the reason, why it should be adjourned, and said 
they were willing to leave the other business to at- 
tend to it." 

The President replied he would be accountable 
to no man for adjourning it. After a committee of 
three was appointed on motion of Cornwallis, con- 
sisting of Evelyn, himself, and Cxovernor Calvert, 
there was an adjournment until the 2()th of the 
month. When that day arrived, the Assembly was 
adjourned to the 6th of March, and then again until 
the 12th, when the session was resumed, and twenty 
bills prepared l)y the Committee were read for the 
first time. The next day fourteen other bills had 
their first reading. Among the bills passed, during 
this month, was a Bill creating General Assemblies, 
which provided that "The Lieutenant General and 
Secretary, or his Deputy, and gentlemen summoned 
by special writ, and near two burgesses out of every 
hundred, at the choice of the freemen, at any time 
hereafter assembled, shall be judged a General 
Assembly."' 

, . , . s 

1 Gov. Sharpe in ■'Aniericaii Magrazine"' of 1758, p. 205. 



20 

Doyle commenting upon the proceedings ot this 
Assembly writes' : "Apart from the intrinsic merits 
or demerits of the proposed laws, it was clearly a 
most serious question whether the initiative in 
legislation was to belong to the Proprietor or the 
colonists. The division which followed illustrated 
forcibly the evils of the proxy system. The acts 
intended by the Proprietors were rejected by thirty- 
seven votes to eighteen. Doubtless there were 
proxies on both sides, but in the minority twelve of 
them were in two hands those of the Governor, and 
of Counsellor Sawyer [Lewger] who had been lately 
associated with Hawley and Cornwallis. No better 
illustration could have been found of the progress 
of the liberty of the colony involved in its anomal- 
ous system. * '•' '•' * '^' 
Baltimore's motives throughout the whole of these 
affairs, as indeed throughout his career, are hard to 
be understood. He seemed first to have asserted a 
claim to holding practically. almost absolute power, 
then, without any apparent reasons, to have aban- 
doned this position, and in a temperate letter em- 
powered his lirother as Governor to assent to such 
laws as should be concerted with and approved of bj'^ 
the freemen and their deputies." This assent was 
subsequently to be ratified by the Proprietor him- 
self. 

Under the call of the Governor a new Assembly 
convened on the 25th .February, IG^j" and the first 
Maryland code was enacted by it, and approved b}^ 
Lord Baltimore. 

1 Doyle, page 289. 



21 

From the days of the obtaining of the Ma^na 
Oharta, it had been the custom of Parliament upon 
the inauguration of a new government to declare at 
the outset that Holy Church shall have her liber- 
ties. Upon the accession of Edward the First to 
the throne, it was enacted A. D. 121)7, that ''the 
Church of England shall be free and shall 
have all her rights and liberties inviolable." 
When the second Edward assumed the reins of 
government, it was enacted, A. D. 1311, "That the 
Holy Church should have all her franchises in such 
sort as she ought to have." When the third Edward 
came into power the Parliament of A. D. 1340. de- 
clared that '' Holy Church shall have her liberties 
and quietness." As soon as second Richard entered 
upon his reign it was again declared that ''Holy 
Church shall have and enjoy all her liberties, wholly 
and without blemish." In A. D. 1399, when Henry 
the Fourth had succeeded to the throne, it w^as en- 
acted that Holy Church should have "her rights 
entirely and without im blemishing." So the same 
language is used at the beginning of successive 
reigns. 

In the Acts passed by the Parliaments in the time 
of Henry the Eighth, the Holy Church is distin- 
guished from what is called in the statutes " the 
See of Rome." The laws in the time of King James 
make a distinction between the " religion estab- 
lished in this realm," and "the pretended authority 
of the See of Rome." Cornwallis the guiding mind 
of Maryland, was descended from statesmen, and 
his father s house when he was a youth had been 
frequented by scholars, and when a code, in 163S-9, 



22 

was to be framed for the Province of Mar5dand, he 
would naturally insist upon venerable precedents, 
and with his fellow members declare that ''Holy 
Church within this Province shall have all her rights 
and liberties," having in mind the Church alluded 
to in the Charter, the Church of England, bj" whose 
forms all churches and chapels are to be dedicated 
to public worship.' 

As the differences increased between Charles the 
First and Parliament, party lines began to be clearlj^ 
drawn between the Proprietor and the people of the 
Province. Governor Calvert sympathized with the 
King, and Cornwallis with the Parliament party. 
During the year 1640 the latter visited England, 
and in December, 1641, returned in a ship command- 
ed b}^ Captain Richard Ingle with whom he was, 
at that time, on friendly terms. 

By order of the Lord Baltimore, there was a re- 
organization of the Maryland government in 1642, 
and (Jornwallis was named as Councillor, but when 
on the 16th day of September, the commission was 
tendered " he absolutely refused to be in commis- 
sion or to take the oath"' probably because it omit- 
ted the clause of the old. form, "saving, my allegi- 
ance to the Crown of England." 

In October, 1643, Charles the First, then at Ox- 
ford, gave to Governor Calvert, then in England, a 
letter of marque to seize upon all ships belonging to 
London. Late in that year Ca^^tain Richard Ingle, ot 

1 It is quite remarkable that the scholarly Gardiner in "History of Charles the 
First. lOiiS /o'lliSr" should -tate that the term Holy Church wa>< neverapplied to the 
Church of England In the writ for buniing Legate in A D. \62i. King James calls 
the < hurch of England the ' Holy Mother Church" and also uses these words: 
'"Now therefore as a zealot of justice and a defendant ot the Catholic faith and 
willing to maintain and defend the Holy Church and the rights and'lilierties of the 
same." 



28 

London, with a commission from Parliament, arrived 
in Maryland waters, and for words spoken about the 
King, in discussion concerning his differences with 
Parliament, he was arrested, in the absence of Cal- 
vert, by Deputy Governor Brent, for treason, and 
his goods and ships seized. 

Cornwallis out of affection for Parliament found 
means to free Ingle and restore to him his ship and 
goods. For this manifestation of sympathy he was 
fined and " paid the highest sum that could be laid 
upon him," and then embarked with Ingle for Eng- 
land.' 

In August, 1644, Parliament commissioned the 
Reformation, Captain Ingle, to cruise in the Chesa- 
peake Bay and its tributaries, and Cornwallis who 
was still in England entrusted him with goods to 
the value of two hundred* pounds. 

In February, 1645, Ingle appeared at the mouth of 
St. Inigo's Creek, Maryland, and there was a general 
uprising in favor of Parliament by the servants of 
the absent Cornwallis, and Ingle allowed his house 
to be plundered of plate and furniture to the 
amount of £1000, and cattle, a shallop and pinnace, 
worth twice as much more was seized.' 

(xovernor Calvert was obliged to flee into Virginia, 
and the Jesuit Fathers, White and Fisher, were 
brought to England, as prisoners, by Ingle. To 
shelter himself from the common law and hold the 
goods. Ingle reported Cornwallis as an enemy of the 
Commonwealth. After a full examination, Corn- 
wallis was allowed a commission for the examina- 



1 Proceedings of House of Lords in 6th Report of Parliament Historical Com- 
mission . 

2 See Maryland MSS. 



24 

tion of witnesses in Maryland, and to prevent this, 
Ingle caused him to be arrested and imprisoned 
upon two feigned oaths, but Cornwallis was soon re- 
leased by his friends. By false allegations, Ingle 
now obtained an order to stop proce.edings at law, 
till matters mentioned in his petition were de- 
termined. Cornwallis^ after attending the House ot 
Lords for several days, with counsel on the 24th of 
February, 1545-6 asked "that the case might be 
speedily heard by them, or else that he might be 
left at liberty to try his action at law." The case 
dragged its slow length along for several months, 
but in September, 1647, the matter was com- 
promised by Ingle appointing Cornwallis his at- 
torney to attach certain moneys due in Virginia and 
Maryland, which were to be applied to the settle- 
ment of the claim of the latter. 

For eight years Cornwallis attended to business 
in England, and in 1652 returned to Maryland, now^ 
under control of the friends of Parliament, to de- 
mand compensation for injuries done to his property. 
In a Memorial to the Assembly he used these 
words: "It is well known, he hath at his great cost 
and charges, from the first planting of this Province 
for the space of twenty-eight years, been one of the 
greatest propagators and increasers thereof, by the 
yearly transportation of servants, whereof divers 
have been of very good rank and quality, towards 
whom and the rest he hath always been so careful 
to discharge a good conscience, in the true perform- 
ance of his promise and obligations, that he was 



1 Streeter in "Maryland Papers," page 190, erroneously writes: "I infer there- 
tore that during this period he was engaged in improving his plantation i n St. Mary 
County, still known as Cornwaleys' Neck." 



25 

never taxed with any breach thereof, though it is 
also well known, and he doth truly own it, that the 
charge of so great a family as he hath always main- 
tained was never defrayed by their labor.'" 

This jjd-dv he made a contract with Cornelius 
Canada, brickmaker, and former servant of Gov- 
ernor Green, to deliver thirty-six thousand sound, 
well-burned bricks before a certain day in June, 
1653, and another twenty-four thousand before the 
24th of June, 1654, In the year 1654 he again vis- 
ited England, and was married about 1657 to Penel- 
ope, a daughter of John Wiseman, of Middle Temple, 
and Tyrrel's in County Essex. In 1658, with his 
young wife, he paid a visit to Maryland, but early in 
1659 he left never to return. His affairs in the Prov- 
ince were entrusted to an attorney, and he began 
to be designated as a ''merchant of London." As 
age advanced he retired to Burnham Thorpe. His 
will is dated January 2d, 1675-6 and was proved on 
the 4th of the next March. He left four sons and 
two daughters, and his second son, Thomas, born in 
1662, was a clergyman of the Church of England.'' 

COMMISSIONER JEROME HAWLEY, 

Commissioner Jerome Hawley resided but a short 
time in the Province. He belonged to a family that 
had long been connected with the Parish of Brent- 
ford in County Middlesex, England. In the time 
of Queen Elizabeth a Jerome Hawley had a freehold 
there, and James the First granted the profits of a 



1 Maryland MS'^. quoted in''Founders of Maryland,^'' Munsell, t876. 

2 "Founders of Maryland," page 81. 



26 

market there/ to James Hawley, whose privilege 
was afterwards sold to one Sanders, who in 1638 
died.^ 

The Cominissioner had three brothers, James,^ 
Henry and William. Henry was long identified 
with the colonization of the Western continent. As 
early as 1628 he visited the Barbadoes of which the 
Puritan Earl of Warwick was Proprietor, and in 1629 
succeeded Sir William Tufton as Goverror. In 
1632 he caused Tufton to be shot, and was recalled 
home, and was in England when the Calvert expe- 
dition sailed, and he returned to Barbadoes in less 
than two weeks after it settled at Saint Mary. 

He frequently visited England after this, and dur- 
ing his absence in 1639 his brother William acted 
as Grovernor. He lived until after the restoration 
of Charles the Second, and in 1666 was one of the 
Council of Barbadoes. William Hawley some time 
after 1640, came to Maryland, and was inl650, one 
of the signers of the Protestant Declaration. 

Jerome Hawley, the Commissioner, had been a 
sewer, or superintendent of meals of Queen Henrietta 
Maria. A f ter living in Maryland about a year he re- 
turned to England, and in June, 1635, was in London 
and wrote to Secretary Windebank that he would go 
to court with him on the next Sunday. On the Uth 
of December, he was before the Privy Council, at 
which Archbishop Laud was present, and to the 
question whether he had ever said that it was de- 

1 Lyson's "London and Environs." 

2 Perliaps the partner of ■ ornwallis. 

8 James resided at Brentford. Over the north gallery of St. Lawrence Church 
there is a monument to James Hawley, who died in 1(J(J7. Lyson. 



27 

signed "to plant in Maryland the Romish religion" 
he "utterly denied."^ 

On the 29th of February, 1635-6, a warrant was 
issued loaning the "Black George," a government 
vessel, to Hawley, and Governor Harvey of Virginia, 
they to provide the crew and pay the wages. There 
were many delays in loading the ship, and on the 
9th of August Lord Wimbledon, from Portsmouth, 
wrote to Secretary Windebank that Governor Har- 
vey was still in London and he was "sorry to see so 
many persons on a journey of such charge, and 
spending their victuals and money so unnecessarily, 
for they have been here a month." And he added 
that he "did not wonder that such journeys of our 
nation did not prosper." The " Black George " was 
yet in port on the 11th of November, and Hawley 
objected to the disturbance of his goods in the hold 
in order that there might be a search for a leak. 
The leakage continued to increase so that the ves- 
sel at last had to be abandoned, and Harvey, Haw- 
ley and their associates were obliged to pay and 
discharge the crew. 

During the winter of 1637, Hawley remained in 
England, and the King was induced to appoint him^ 
to the office of Treasurer of Virginia, which had 
been vacant since the dissolution of the Virginia 
Company, and Governor Harvey was instructed to 
see that he took the oath of allegiance. He sailed 
in the ship Friendship, and took some toils to catch 

1 '•C(d. Stnte Paperx, Dom. Series " 

2 About the same time. Gubi i<l Hawley, who might hive been a brother, and 
the same Gal)riel wlio pi-titioiied tlic Ka-t India (ornpany in |ti24 to be enipl'oved 
as steward's mate on the " Eagle " and the person who superintended tlie ship;'.ing 
of the Afaryland colonists in 16J3, was appointed Surveyor General of Virginia, and 
soon died. 



28 

deer' which he had promised to send to the King, 
Arriving in Virginia "late in the year" of 1637 0. 
S. early in 1638 N. S., he entered upon the duties of 
his office. Soon after, in the month of February, 
1638, although a councilor of Virginia, he visited 
. Maryland, and one day sat as a member ot 
the Assembly. A citizen of Jamestown wrote to 
his brother, a clerk of Secretary Windebank under 
date of the 26th ot February, 1637-38, " Mr Hawley 
has not proven the man he took him for, having 
neither given satisfaction for money received of 
him, nor brought him any servants," and that he 
was then on a visit to Maryland.' A letter of Haw- 
ley written on the 8th of May 1638 is extant' rela- 
tive to the arrival of ships from Sweden at James- 
town. During the month of August, this year, he 
died, and Cornwallis, his fellow Maryland Commis- 
sioner, was the administrator of his estate. 



VI. 
LEADING MEN IN THE BEGINNING. 

JUSTINIAN SNOW. 

Justinian Snow came to Maryland with Governor 
Calvert, in the responsible position of commercial 
agent for Lord Baltimore, and in 1639 died. In the 
Relation of Father White is the narrative of an 
Indian chief, Tayac, who said "That his father, 



IThe deer were snared, and four placed upon Capt. Jerry Blackmail's ship, 
in wooden cases, but they died before reaching Eng-land. "Sainsbury Calendar." 



2 ^'Sainnhury Culendar Col'mial.' 

3 Hawley's letter in "N. Y. Col. Documents," Vol. III. 



29 

deceased some time before, appeared to be present 
before his eyes, accompanied by a god of a black 
color, whom he worshipped, beseeching him that 
he would not desert him. At a short distance, a 
hideous demon, with a certain Snow, aii_jQhstinate 
heretic from England, and at length, in another 
par£^"tlie Governor of the Colony and Father White 
appeared, a God also being his companion, but 
much more beautiful, who excelled the unstained 
snow in whiteness, seeming gently to beckon the 
King to him. From that time, he treated both the 
Go V ernor and Father with the greatest affection." 

Snow's brother, Marmaduke, followed him to the 
Province, and was with him, in 1638, a member of 
the Assembly. Another brother, Abel, was clerk in 
the Chancery Office, London. His sister, Susanna, 
was the wife of Surgeon Thomas Gerard, whose 
name often appears in the Maryland Records. 

HENRY FLEET. 

Henry, Fleet years before the charter of Maryland 
was granted, traded with the Indians of the Potomac 
River. 

In the Fall of 1621 the ship Warwick and pinnace 
Tiger, sailed from the Thames with supplies, and 
thirty-eight young women selected with care, as 
wives for Virginia planters. The Tiger afterward 
went with twenty-on^ men up the Potomac to trade 
with the Indians for corn, and in 1622 erected a 
stockade at Potomac Creek. While among the 
Anacostans, who lived on or near the site of the city 
of Washington, on the 23d day of March, 1623, they 



30 

were attacked, and Fleet and others captured.^ 
After living with the Indians about four years he re- 
turned to England,' and was engaged by William 
Clobery of London in September 1629,. to sail in the 
ship Paramour. On the 4th of July, 1631, he again left 
London in the ship Warwick owned by Griffith and 
Company, as their factor. Toward the last of Octo- 
ber he was in Yoacomoco where he had lived with 
the Indians, purchasing corn, which he carried to 
NewEngland. Winthrop in his journal under March 
24, 1631-2, writes: " The bark Warwick arrived at 
Natescua, having been at Piscataquack and Salem 
to sell corn which is brought from Virginia," and 
under date of April 9, 1632 he makes this entry: 
" The bark Warwick and Mr. Maverick's pinnace 
went out toward Virginia." 

On the 13th of May, 1632. Capt. Fleet^ arrived at 
Captain William Clayborne's in Accomac, where 
he stayed three days, and then accompanied by 
Clayborne crossed the Chesapeake. After visiting 
Yoacomoco, he sailed up the Potomac to the Indian 
village, in what is now Strafford County, Virginia, 
and on the 1st of June sent back the pinnace of 
twenty tons with a cargo of corn, and on the 27th 
he was anchored near the great Falls of the Poto- 
mac. After this he formed a partnership for trad- 
ing with Governor Harvey of Virginia, and through 
him, he made the Acquaintance of Governor Calvert 
and selected a site for his colony. Six weeks after 



i Letter of Edward Hill to his brothe" John Hill, mercer in Lumber [Lombard | 
Street. Appendix to Eighth Report "Hist. Cowimi.vsi'oii." p/ 41 

2 See a notice of Fleet in "Foun<lers of Maryland,'" pp 9-18, and his journal of 
a voyage in the " Warwick." pp. 19-37 Some writers, following a typographical 
error in a caption of the "Founders of Afarylaiid,^' call the vessel " Virginia. " 

i In the Henry Holt anil Company edition of Doyle, Henry Fleet is called 
Henry Clay, probably a typographical error. 



31 

the town of Saint Mary was named, on the 9th of 
May, 1634, there was assigned to Fleet two thousand 
acres on St. George's River, St. George's Hundred, 
subsequently known as the Manor of West Saint 
Mary. 

He was a member of the Assembly in [638, as was 
his brother Edward who accompanied him in 1631 
to the Falls of the Potomac, and also two other 
brothers, John, and Reynold or Rainold. When 
the troubles growing out of the civil war in Eng- 
land began. Fleet moved to Virginia, and in Decem- 
ber, 1652, he was a member of the Virginia Legisla- 
ture, and in 1654 was appointed interpreter for a 
proposed expedition against the Indians. Fleet's 
Point, which appears on the IT. S. Coast Survey Map 
of 1860, between the 37th and 38th degrees of lati- 
tude, probably indicates where he once dwelt. In 
1665 Captain Fleet's house was a stopping jDlacefor 
travellers, and for improper conduct there, a Mr. 
Carline and a woman servant from Maryland were 
tried by the Rappahanock Court, and the former 
was fined, and the latter was ordered to have thirty 
lashes.' 

GEORGE EVELYN. 

Robert Evelyn, of Godstone, on the 18th of March, 
1590, at St. Peter's, Tower Hill, London, married 
Susanna, daughter of Gregory Young, of London, 
who was about twenty years of age. Their 
son George was born, in London, on the 31st 
of January, 1582-3, and on the 24th of 
October, 1620, entered as a student at Middle 

1 See Hanson's "Kent County, Maryland.'" 



Temple, and afterward married Jane, daughter 
of Richard Crane, of Dorset. His brother, 
Robert,' with his micle, Capt. Thomas Young, in the 
summer of 1634, explored the Delaware River as far 
as the falls. In December, 1634, Robert sailed for 
England, bearing letters from Governor Harvey, of 
Virginia, and did not return until about the year 
1637, having been appointed Surveyor General ot 
Virginia, in the place of Gabriel Hawley, deceased. 

His brother, George, about this time arrived at 
Kent Island as the agent of a firm of London mer- 
chants. At first he slightingly spoke of Governor Cal- 
vert and asked these questions : ''Who was his grand 
father but a grazier? What was his father? What 
was Leonard Calvert himself at school but a dunce 
and blockhead ?" But soon he became a supporter 
of Lord Baltimore, and an opponent of Clayborne, 
for whom he had professed friendship, and by a 
power of attorney from the London firm took 
possession of their property, which had been held by 
Clayborne. 

After the avowal of friendship to the Proprietary 
he was commissioned in November, 1637 as '^ The 
first commander of Kent Island," and was a promi- 
nent member of the Assembly which convened on 
the following January. At Piney Point on the Po- 
tomac he obtained a grant of three hundred acres 
called the "Manor of Evelinton," and on April 3, 1638, 
entered lands for Daniel Wickliff, Randall Revell, 
Thomas Hebdan and other persons." The next month 

1 His father, also Robert, is s-aid in the '^Evelyns of America" to have visited Vir- 
ginia, before A D liilO, and to have subscribed seventeen pounds as an Adventurer 
of the Virginia Company, of London. 

2 "Founders of Maryland," p 54. 



38 

he assigned all interest' in the Manor '' to his dear 
brother Robert Evelyn," and went to Virginia and 
from thence to England. 

His cousin John Evelyn, the author of " Sylva " 
in his Diary under date of 26th of February 1649, 
writes: "Come to see me. Captain George Evelyn 
my kinsman, the great traveller and one who be- 
lieved himself a better architect than really he was, 
witness the portico in the garden at Wotton ; yet 
the great room at Albury is somewhat better un- 
derstood. He had a large mind but he overbuilt 
everything." Under the date of Sth of June, 1653, 
is this entry: "Came my brother George, Capt. Eve- 
lyn the greate traveller," and some others whose 
names we omit,^ 

In 1653 Captain George Evelyn furnished a design 
for a Doric portico which was built in front of the 
hill at Wotton. In the central niche was a stone 
statue of Venus holding a dolphin out of whose 
mouth ran water, which still exists in a good state 
of preservation.' 

In 1649 George Evelyn purchased lands in James 
City County, Virginia, which on the 28th of April, 
1650, he gave to his second son Mountjoy. The wife 
of Col. Daniel Parke, the ancestor of late G. W. Parke 
Custis, of Arlington, Va., was a Miss Evelyn, and his 
daughter Lucy married Col. William Byrd, and part 
of the Byrd estate at Westover, on the James River, 
Va., was called Evelington.* 

1 Streeter's "First Commander of Kent Island." p 43. 

2 "Evelyn's Diary," Bohn Ktlition, 1»63, vol. I, pp. 257-208. 

3 Scull's ''Kvelyns in America," p. 357. 

4 Scull, p. 3. 



34 

VII. 

Baltimore's dispute with jesuit missionaries. 

The Jesuit missionaries, in disregard of the com- 
mon law of England/ and without consulting the 
Proprietor of the Province, had obtained lands from 
the Indians, and also under the terms of the Pro- 
prietary law entered thousands of acres for the use 
of the Society ot Jesus. Lord Baltimore saw that 
if this course was to continue he would incur the 
displeasure of England, and perhaps have his char- 
ter revoked. He therefore appointed Tohn Lewger, 
his college friend, once a clergyman of the Church 
of England but at that time a Roman Catholic, Sec- 
retary of the Province, with instructions to correct 
the abuses of the Jesuit Fathers. 

Upon his arrival in Maryland Lewger made known 
the wishes of Lord Baltimore, and " insisted that all 
grants of the land should be vacated, whether from 
the Indians or from the Proprietaiy, to Thomas 
Copley, who held the land, for the use of the So- 
ciety." He also had laws passed asserting the 
supremacy of the General Assembly in matters 
temporal, and the regulation ot marriage. The 
Fathers resisted the Proprietor, and wrote to Father 
Henry More, who immediately appealed to the 
Propaganda, and in his Memorial to the Cardinal 
Prelect uses this language : '' The Fathers of this 
Society warmly resisted this foul attempt, profess- 
ing themselves ready to shed their blood m defence 

1 Johnson, p 63. 



35 

of the faith and liberty of the church, which firm- 
ness greatly enraged the Secretary [Lewger], who 
immediately reported to Baron Baltimore that his 
jurisdiction was interrupted by the Fathers of 
the Society, whose doctrine was inconsistent with 
the government of the Province. Hence the said 
Baron being offended, became alienated in his mind' 
from the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and at 
first, ipso facto, seized all their lands and let them 
to others, as though he was the Lord and Proprie- 
tor of them. * * **>!:* rjij^g gg^^^ Baron, 

with others favorable to his opinons, began to turn 
his attention to the expulsion of the Fathers and 
the introducing others in their stead, who would 
be more pliable to his Secretary. Therefore he 
proceeded next year to petition the Sacred Congre- 
gation of the Propagation of the Faith in the name 
of the Catholics of ^Maryland, to grant a prefect and 
priests of the secular^^lergy faculties for the same 
mission. * * * -i: * g^^^ ^jje Sacred Congre- 
gation being entirely ignorant of these matters, 
granted the petition, and in the month of August, 
1641, faculties were expedited from the Sacred Con- 
gregation, and were transmitted to Dom Rosetti, 
now Archbishop of Tarsus. But since, either the 
Prefect is not as yet appointed, or the faculties de- 
livered, but are as yet, it is hoped, in the hands of 
Father Phillips, the confessor of the Queen of Eng- 
land, the Provincial humbly begs of your Eminence 
to deign to direct that the said faculties may be re- 
pealed if the matter is yet entire, or if by chance 
the faculties are delivered, that the departure of 
new priests may be retarded for so long as to allow 



36 

the Holy See to decide upon what is best for the 
good of souls. 

" The Fathers do not refuse to make way for other 
labourers, but they humbly submit for considera- 
tion whether it is expedient to remove those who 
first entered into that vineyard, at their own ex- 
pense, who for seven years have endured want and 
sufferings, who have lost four of their own confreres 
laboring faithfully unto death.'" 

In September, 1642, two priests in England de- 
sired to join the Maryland mission, but Baltimore 
declared that " he could not in prudence allow them 
to go unless an agreement was first made." On the 
5th of October, Baltimore's sister, the wife of Wil- 
liam Peasley, wrote: " I have been wit hmy brother, 
but he is inexorable until all conditions be agreed 
upon by you." 

It had been agreed by the Provincial of the So- 
ciety of Jesus in England,^ among other points, 
" that no Jesuit shall be sent to Maryland without 
the license of the said Lord Baltimore and his heirs 
having been first obtained." It was also agreed in 
this language: "Since it is sufficiently clear that 
Maryland depends upon England, that it could not 
support itself unless they frequently sent over sup- 
plies of necessaries, and since it i,s not the less evi- 
dent that those privileges, exemptions, etc., which 
are usually granted to eccesiastical persons of the 
Roman Catholic Church by Catholic princes in their 

1 This Memorial was first published in full in Foley's '' Ecrords of the English 
Province of the Society of Jesus." I^ondon, Burns & Gates. 1878. in 1881 it was 
republished by Neill as an appendix to an article in vol. V o( '^ Petinsylvania Histor- 
ical Society Mugazine." It also appears in Bradley T. Johnson's" Foundation of 
Maryland." published in 1883 by tile Maryland Historical Society. 

2 For Form of Agreement see page 90 of Johnson's ''Foundation of Maryland." 



87 

own countries, could possibly be granted here with- 
out grave offence to the King and State of England, 
which offence, however, may be called a hazard 
both to the said Baron and especially the whole 
colony. Therefore none of our said Society shall 
apply by any spiritual authority, or in any other 
manner demand or require from the said Baron, or 
heirs, or any of the officials in Maryland, any priv- 
ileges, exemptions, etc., in temporal matters except, 
such as are publicly granted to the Society, or the 
Roman Church in England." 

The Jesuits intending to go to Maryland assented 
to these conditions and sailed, and Father White, 
in his Relation, has told us how far they observed 
them. He writes: "When our people declared it 
to be repugnant to the laws of the Church, two 
priests were sent from England who might teach 
the contrary, but the reverse of what was expected 
happened ; for our reasons being heard, and the 
thing itself being more clearly understood, they 
easily fell in with our opinion." 



VIII. 

THE ACT OF 1649, CONCERNING RELIGION. 

The conflict of opinion between the Maryland 
Jesuits and Lord Baltimore was injurious to the in- 
terests of the Proprietor. The fact that the Jesu- 
its held themselves above the laws of England, not 
only retarded immigration to the Province, but led 
to serious political complications. The members 



38 

of the House of Commons on the 10th of December, 
1641, presented an address ' to Charles the First at 
Hampton Court, in which they complained that he 
had permitted another State moulded within this 
State; independent in government; contrary in in- 
terest and affection, secretly corrupting the ignor- 
ant or negligent professors of religion." 

Lord Baltimore after this be^an to enlist Puritan 
influence to increase the population of the Province. 
Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts on the 13th 
of October, 1643, writes in his journal: " The Lord Bal- 
timore, owner of much land in Virginia, being him- 
self a Papist, and his brother, Mr. Calvert, the Gov- 
ernor there, being a Papist also, but the colony 
consisting of both Protestant and Papist, he wrote 
a letter to Capt. Gibbons, of Boston, and sent a 
commission, wherein he made, a tender of land in 
Maryland to any of ours that would transport them- 
selves thither, with free liberty of religion and all 
the privileges which the place affords, paying such 
rent as should be agreed upon; but our Captain 
had no mind to further his desire, even had any of 
our people temptation that way." 

The agitation for toleration in worship began to 
increase in England." In a work called the " Com- 
passionate Samaritan" it was requested "that the 

1 RushworUi. 
• 2 l>ord Rol)ert Brooke, who fell in battle in lfi43at f.itehfield, in his "Treatise on 
Episcopiici/,' wrnte : " I mustconfes-* I be^in to think there may be something more 
of tiocl in these sects wh ch they call new st-hisnis than appear at tirst glimpse." 

John Milton, in his speech for the liberty of unlicensed printing, in Ii45, ad- 
dressed to Parliament, uses these words : 'Ye know him. I am sure; yet I for 
h' nor's sake, and may it be eternal to him. shull nnmehimthe F-ohu Brooke, 

He, wrting of Episcopacy, and by the way treating of se^ts and schisms 

He'there exhorts us to bear with paiience and humilily those, however they may 
bemiscdled th't desire to live purely, in such a use of God's ordinancs as the 
best guidance of their conscience gives them, and to tolex-ate them, though in some 
discunformity to ourselves ' " 



39 

Parliament will stop all proceedings against them, 
and for future provide that, as well particular and 
private congregations, as public, may have public 
protection, that all statutes against the Separatists 
be reviewed and repealed; and that the Press may 
be free for any man that submits nothing scanda- 
lous and dangerous to the State; that this Parlia- 
ment prove themselves loving fathers to all good 
men, bearing respect unto all, and so inviting an 
equal assistance and affection from all.'" 

On the last day of January, 1643-4, three clergy- 
men in the Bermudas, N. White, W. Golding and 
the aged Patrick Copland, withdrew from the 
Church of England. White before coming to the 
island had been a zealot for all the ceremonies ol 
the Church. Golding was possessed of a good library, 
and Copeland, or Copland, was the friend of Nicho- 
las Ferrar, the gentle ritualist of Little Clidding, 
though widely differing as to church ceremonies. 
Through Perrar's influence he went, in 1626, to the 
Bermudas." 

White soon proceeded to England to confer with 
Copland's friend the Earl of Warwick, and on the 
24th of October, 1645, the House of Commons or- 
dered that there should be liberty of conscience in 
the Bermudas or Somer Islands, and thai; the Com- 
mittee of Lords and Commons for Plantations should 
see that it was executed. On the 4th day of No- 

1 Quoted in "iJf'/jpev Dipped," by Daniel Featley, D.D., London, 1651. Featley 
died in April 164"» 

'i Kor a full notice of Copland, or ^opeland. see " Founders of ilaryland,^^ Mun- 
sell, 1S7(). pp. 111-115, alsj NeiU's "' English Colonization of America,'" London, ls7l, 
pp 16^-181. 



40 

vember this Committee' issued a declaration which 
after recounting that certain persons in Bermudas 
or Somer Islands did petition that "they, with others 
which shall join themselves unto them in matters 
of worship, might by the Parliament's assent and 
authority be freed from all molestation or trouble 
for any ceremony and imposition in matters of 
God's worship, either in those parts of America 
where now they are, or hereafter, may be planted," 
mentioned the order of the 24th of October of the 
House ot Commons. The following proclamation 
is then made: 

" Now know all manner of persons that this may 
concern, that we, the said Robert Earl of Warwick, 
Governor in Chief and Lord High Admiral of all 
those Islands, together with the said Commissioners 
whose names with our seals are hereto subscribed 
and added, according to the said petition, and in 
pursuance of the said order of Parliament, duly 
considering the justice and equity of the premises? 
as also the great hindrance of the so much to be 
desired propagation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ in 
the purity tliereof in all parts of the world, * * 
* * * ^^J |3y these presents grant unto the said 
petitioners and to all others that do or shall here- 
after inhajbit or abide in those parts of the world 
that shall join with them '^' * -^ protection, im- 
munity and freedom from all trouble and molesta- 
tion by and for any ceremony or imposition in the 

1 The Committee were: — 

Lords W/trwick, Arth. Haslerigg, 

Pembroke. Ben Rydiard, 

Manchester, H. Vayne, 

Say and Seale. Cornelius Holland, 

P. Wharton, Myles Corbctt. 



41 

matter ot God's worship, and do hereby require all 
the Governors '" '^ ''^ '■' '^ and all the inhab- 
itants whatsoever within the ports and throughout 
the coast of America, as aforesaid, to sufter them 
quietly, freely and peaceably to worship God ac- 
cordingly in those Islands, and also in all other 
parts and throughout the coasts of America as afore- 
said. And if in case they shall at any time or times 
hereafter think tit to remove or transplant them- 
selves or their habitations, or any of their goods or 
estates, to any other part of America, not only for 
to suffer and permit them, with all that is theirs, so 
to do without let or disturbance, but also to afford 
them all necessary aid, help and assistance therein, 
as they will answer the contrary and the high con- 
tempt of the power and authority of Parliament 
aforesaid/" 

In 1646 Governor Sayle, of Bermudas, and the 
clergyman Golding, by way of Boston, went to Eng- 
land in the interests of a free church. 

On his way Sayle invited the Planters of James 
River, Virginia, whose pastor was formerly Gover- 
nor Berkeley's chaplain, the Rev. Thomas Harri- 
son, to unite with them in a settlement on an isle 
of the sea. On November 2d, 1646, by the hands of 
the same Captain Edward Gibbons that in 1643 had 
borne Lord Baltimore's letter, he sent a note to 
Governor Winthrop, in which he wrote: " Had your 
proposition found us risen up, in a posture of re- 
moval, there is weight and force enough [in 
yours] to have stricken us down again." It is pos- 

1 For the full text see Lefroy's "Bermudas,'' vol. 1, pp. G01-C03. 



42 

sible that Winthrop, of Boston, may have proposed 
that Harrison and his church members should set- 
tle in Maryland, instead of starting to a distant 
island.' 

About the time that Governor Sayle' reached 
London, on the 24th of November, 1646, the Planta- 
tion Commissioners reported to Parliament: "That 
Lord Baltimore had wickedly broken his trust, and 
asked that they might be authorized to appoint the 
(jrovernor and other officers of Maryland." In the 
language of Charles the Second, then an exile at 
Breda, in a commission appointing Sir William 
Devenant Grovernor of Marjdand, Baltimore "did 
visiby adhere to the rebels of England," from this 
time until the restoration. To serve his interests 
in Maryland he w^as willing to remove Roman Catho- 
lics and appoint a Governor and other officers who 
would be pleasing to Parliament. His consultations 
were frequent with the men in power. 

A daughter of Christopher Wandesforde, whose 
father had been a confidential adviser of the Earl 
of Striifford, and his successor as Deputy of Ireland, 
writes in her autobiography' that a meeting was 
held at her uncle's house in London, of the Close 

1 In London. A. D. 1647, a treatise was published by fSaniuel Kicliardson with this 
title " The Neccxsity of Toleraiion in Matters of Religion : or. Certain (Questions pro- 
pounded to the Sf/nod tendivfi to jirore that Corporal Piinishinent ouyht iiat to be inflicted 
upon sitch (IS hold errors in lielifiion and thai in mailers of Religion men ought not lo be 
compelle'l. but have Liberty and Freedo^n." 

2 Sayle in lii47 succeeded in forming a coinpany in London for the settling of 
one of the LJaliamas Islands, with entire liberty of conscience for each settler. In 
October, 1(J47, he returned to Bermudas and said. ' they had toleration in England, 
and that in the city ot London the Episcopa' ministers did preach, tlie Presbyteri- 
ans did teach and the Independents did teach.and where the Presbyterians taught 
he cou ■! ever find above a lialf score of people, but all the rest constantly full.'' 
(4iee Lefroy's ^'Bn-inudas,^' vol. I, p. 6.0.) 

Sayle went to the I-le Kleuthera in IG49. with the aged Copland and others, 
and established a tree olnirch, but the settlement was-unsucces.sful. (See 'A Cliap- 
ier of American < hurch History,'" in the ''Neu> Eng'ander," New Haven. Ct., July, 1879.) 
In July. Ii)69, t^ayle was commis.sioned as Governor of f'arolina In the constitu- 
tion pre])nrcd by John Locke, the philosophfer, it was provided "that any seven or 
more persons agreeing in any religion shall institute a church or profession, to 
ivhich they shall give some name to distinguish it from others." 
3 Camden Society Publication. 



43 

Committee of Parliament to consult about uhe 
King's trial, and her uncle told her 'that Mr. Rush- 
worth, another of the collectors of Parliament, came 
to him some days before the said consult, and de- 
sired the liberty of a large room in his house for 
that day ; to give him the key of the door, that he 
and his company might privately pass and repass 
without molestation.' The company came in the 
morning, but not together, but one after another, 
and were about a dozen. He saw several disguised 
faces, particularly^, he knew the Lord Baltimore 
* * * and others suspected to be Papists or fa- 
natics, which strange mixture did much surprise 
him." 

Harrison, the Virginian clergymen who had cor- 
responded with Winthrop, was in London in 1648, 
the year when Lord Baltimore conceded to the 
suggestion of the Parliament Committee on Planta- 
tions, and to conciliate different parties removed 
the Roman Catholic Governor Green, and appointed 
William Stone, of Hungars Neck, on Eastern Shore 
of Virginia, nephew of Thomas Stone, haberdasher, 
of London, and brother-in-law of Francis Doughty, 
a Protestant clergyman, and in his commission is 
found for the first time the pledge "not to disturb 
any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ 
merely for or in respect of his or her religion or the 
free exercise thereof." ' 



1 Francis DouKhty was the won of a Bristol Alderman, and is supposed to have 
been the Vicar of Godberry, Glonoosfor. who w s arraigned for speaking of the 
King as "tharles by common ele ■tion and gen'Tal coii.-ient, Kin'^ or England" 
In Ift 9 he came to Mas^aehll.s-ells, and siibseqnently preached to the ICnglish- 
speakinjr meml)er.s of the Itcformi d hurch in iManliattiin Is e. now New York 
City. He then preached in Lower Acconiau. wliere Mone r- sided In US' lie re- 
sided in Maryhitid. At one time he pi cached in Settingbouriie parish. Virginia, 
about ten nules from the plantat'on of John Was 'in ton. the immigrant, ami 
while there it was i omphiined tlial he was a non conformist." an<l that on one oc- 
6as on " he denied the sujir macy of llic King, contrary to the canons of the 
Church of Enghmd." Neill's " Viiyinia Colonial Clergy,' Phihideliihia, lb77, pp 
16-17. 



44 

Hammond, a friend of Lord Baltimore, writes as 
to the Puritan immigration from Virginia, showing 
that conferences and correspondence had been 
held with Lord Baltimore and his deputies after 
the Virginia Legislature of 1647 had expelled Non- 
conformists. His words are : "Maryland is counted 
by them as a refuge; the Lord Proprietor and his 
Government solicited to, and several addresses and 
treaties' made for their admittance and entertain- 
ment in that Province. * * * Their propositions 
were hearkened to and agreed on, which was that 
they should have convenient portions of land as- 
signed them, and liberty of conscience, and privilege 
to choose theii own officers, and hold court within 
themselves. 

" An Assembly was called throughout the whole 
country, after their coming over, consisting as well 
of themselves as the rest, and because there were 
some few Papists that first inhabited, these, them- 
selves and others being of different judgement, an 
act was passed that all professing in Jesus Christ 
should have equal justice." This writer also men- 
tions, that at the request of the Virginia Puritians 
" the oath of fidelity was overhauled and this clause 
added to it, ' provided it infringe not the liberty of 
conscience.' '" 

The act concerning Religion, in April l(i49, by the 
Maryland Assembly," was not approved by Lord Bal- 
timore for more than a year. In the Record Book 
is the following note appended, signed Philip Cal- 

1 " Lenh and Rachel" London 165R. 

2 In "Desci-iptiono/ JVfiju .Itoion" printed in 1648, Plowden who had recently 
visited the Pnritansin Virginia anticipated the ideas of llie Act of 16)9 by proposing-: 

1. An Act to settle and establish the fundamentals of Clirislianity. 

2. To punifh for contempt, such as "bitter, rail aid condemn others." 
3 To act in mildness, love, and charity, and gentle language. 



45 

vert. •■Anx\ct ot Assembly, 21st- April 1649, con- 
firmed bj^ the Lord Proprietor, by an instrument 
under his hand and seal, dated August 26th, 1650." 
Lord Baltimore, in his defence before Parliament, 
wrote: "Although those laws were assented unto 
by the Lord Baltimore in August, 1650, yet it ap- 
pears, that some of them were enacted in Maryland 
by the Assembly there in April, 1649." In another 
place, referring to the laws ot 1650, he uses these 
words. '' It was one of those laws passed by the 
Assembly in Maryland in April, 1650, when the peo- 
lAe there knew of the late King's death, a year after 
the other law above mentioned with divers others, 
which were enacted in April, 1649, as aforesaid, 
though in the ingrossment of them all here, when 
the Lord Baltimore gave his assent to them al- 
together, August, 1650, it was written before it be- 
cause they were transposed here in such order as 
the Lord Baltimore thought fit, according to the 
nature, and more or less iuiportance of them, 
placing the act concerning religion first. ''^ 

The act was contrary to the teachings of the 
Church of Rome, since it recognized as Christians 
those who rejected the Pope. During the year 1649 
the zealous Philip Fisher, who had been, in 1646, 
carried to England, was again in the Province, and 
when the Assembly of 1650 met there was an ex- 
pression of dissatisfaction with the act. 

I Blotne in liis " Britannia," published in 1673, at London, mentions Lord Balti- 
more as one of his subscribers, and he asserts that " fjis Lordship by Advice of the 
General Assembly ofthe Province, liath long' since establislied a model of good and 
wholesome laws, with toleration of religion, to all such that profess faith 
in t hrist." 

^' Lord Baltimore's Case," printed in 1653 uses these words: " As that by general 
consent of the Protestants, as well as Roman Catholics it is established by a law 
there as well as freedom of conscience and exercise of religion within that Province 
is to all that profess to believe in Jesus Christ." 



46 

The burgesses of that year were : John Hatch 
and Walter Blane, of St. Georges ; John Medley, 
William Brough and Robert Robins, of Newtown ; 
Philip Land and Francis. Brooks, of St. Marys ; 
Thomas Matthews, of St. Inigos ; Thomas Sterman 
and George Manners, of St. Michaels ; Francis Posey, 
of St. Clements ; James Cox and George Pudding- 
ton, Ann x4.rnndel ; Robert Vaughan, Isle of Kent. 

When the delegates were to be sworn, all the 
Roman Catholics, four in number, objected to the 
principles of the act concerning Religion, passed the 
year before. Medley, Manners and Land thought 
it was not right to issue a perpetual law upon the 
subject, but Thomas Matthews, who came from the 
precinct where Father Fisher now lived, told the 
Assembly he could not take the oath of toleration, 
"as he wished to be guided in matters of conscience 
by spiritual counsel.'*^ He was therefore con- 
demned and expelled, and Cuthbert Fenwick, for- 
merly the servant, and afterward the agent of 
Thomas Cornwallis, was returned in his place. 

After Lord Baltimore, in 1650, assented to the 
Act of 1649 concerning religion he professed fidelity 
to the Commonwealth, and incensed" Charles, in 
exile at Breda. Doyle, in '^English Colonies in 
•.4mey/e«,"' writes, perhaps too severely : "Two years 
later Baltimore fairly cut himself adrift from the 



1 Maryland MSS . 

2 After the passage of the Act of 1649, Charles, in exile at Freda, gave to the 
l>oet Daveuant a commission as GoveriKir of Maryland It begins with this sen- 
tence: "Whereas the Lord Baltimore, Proprietor of the Province and Plantation 
of Maryland, in America, doth visibly adhere to the rebels of England, and admits 
all kinds of schismaticks and sectaries, and other ill atfected persons into the said 
Plantation of Maryland, so that we have cause to ajiprehend very great prejudice 
to our service thereby." See •' Fannders of MarylnmU" page 126. The commission in 
full is printed in Appendix, pp. 113, 1 14, " Virginia Boundary Commissioners" JReport:^ 
Richmond, 1873. 

3 '• JSeiv York Edition.'' Henry Holt and Company, pp 310-311. 



47 

party which had hitherto commanded his allegi- 
ance. In August, 1652, he published a manifesto 
setting forth the various reasons against uniting 
Maryland to Virginia. The document is in every 
way a remarkable one. The arguments against the 
union are set forth with consummate ingenuity, 
and it must be said with some shamelessness. The 
son of a royal favorite, he who owed all his worldly 
position to court patronage, did not shrink from 
pleading the fidelity of his colony to the Common- 
wealth, and contrasting it with the stubborn roy- 
alism of Virginia. 'It would much reflect upon the 
honor of the Parliament, if he should become a 
laughing stock to his enemies for his fidelity to the 
Commonwealth.' Maryland, he went on to urge, 
might serve in time of trouble as a refuge for the 
distressed Puritans from Virginia.'"^ 



IX. 

THE .JESUIT MISSION. 

The Superior of the Jesuit Mission in Maryland 
in a report for the year 1693 mentions " that inter- 
course with the Indians was less than could be wished, 
nor have Ours established any fixed mission to 
them.'"' 

Sixty years before this was written the first Jesuits 
left England, and in 1634 arrived in the Province. 

1 '■ The Lord Baltimore's Case" was printed in London in 1653. It was reprinted iu 
the Appendix to "Report of I'irfjmia Comttiissi oners on Boundary Line beluceti Mary- 
Innd aiid Virginia," Uichniond. 1873. 

2 The facts of this chapter are largely taken from Foley's " Eecord-s of English 
Jesuils,'' and Oliver's '' Bioyrnpliy." 



They were Fathers Andrew White, Philip Fisher, 
John Gravener, alias Altham, Timothy Hays, alias 
Hammer, and a temporal coadjntor, Thomas Ger- 
vase. 

Andrew White was born in London about 1579, 
and was educated at Douay. After being engaged 
in England as a missionary for some time, he be- 
came a professor «in Jesuit Colleges in Spain and 
also at Louvan and Liege. With Fisher he was 
carried from Maryland in 1645 by Captain Ingle to 
England. There he was tried and found guilty of 
teaching doctrines contrary to the statutes, but on 
the 4th of Juh^, 1646, judgment was stayed. After 
remaining in Newgate prison eighteen months, on 
the 7th of January, 164S, 0. S., the House of Com- 
mons " did concur with the Lords in granting the 
petition of Andrew White, a Jesuit, who was 
brought out of America, into the kingdom by force, 
upon an English ship," and ordered him to be dis- 
charged, provided he left the kingdom within fifteen 
days.^ In accordance with this order he left Eng- 
land; but after a prolonged absence returned to 
England, where he died on the 27th of December, 
1656, nearlj^ eighty years of age." 

Philip Fisher was born in Madrid. Spain, in 
1595-6, entered the order in 1616^17, and in 1636 
was Superior of the Maryland Mission. With 
White, he was in 1646, taken to England by Ingle, 
for violating the law relating to ecclesiastics. 

After being confined for some time in ISTewgate 
Prison, by the influence of Secretary Windebank, 

1 " House of Commons Joxirnal.'' ■ 

2 Oliver's " Biofirni^hy of Jesuils."' 



49 

he was released, aiad harbored, until he found an op- 
portunity to go to America. His hopeful letter, 
upon returning to Maryland, addressed to Caraffa, 
General of the Jesuits, and dated March 1st, 164S, 
0. S., is worthy of preservation, and is as follows : 

"At length my companion and myself reached 
Virginia in the month of January, after a terrible 
journey of seven weeks. There I left my compan- 
ion and awaited myself of the opportunity of pro- 
ceeding to Maryland, where I arrived in the month 
of February. By the singular Providence of Clod, I 
found my flock collected together after thej^ had 
been scattered these three long years, and they 
were really in more flourishing circumstances than 
those who had oppressed them. With what joy 
they received me, and with what delight T met 
them, it would be impossible to describe, but they 
received me as an angel of Clod. I have been with 
them a fortnight, and am preparing for a painful 
separation, for the Indians summon me to their 
aid, and they have been ill-treated by the enemy 
since I was torn from them. I scarcely know what 
to do, but cannot attend to all. God grant that 1 
may do his will to the greater glory of his name. 
Truly flowers appear in our land, may they attain 
to fruit. 

'■ A road by land through the forest has just been 
opened from Maryland to Virginia. This will make 
it but a tw^o days' journey, and both countries can 
be united in one mission. After Easter, T shall v/ait 
upon the Governor of Virginia on important busi- 
ness. May it terminate to the praise and glory of 
God. My companion, T trust, still lies concealed ; 



50 

but next year I hoi^e to have two or more colleagues, 
with the permission of your, fraternity, to whose 
prayers and sacrifices I earnestly commend this 
mission, myself, and all mine.'" In the year 1652 he 
died. 

John Gravener, alias Altham, was born in War- 
rickshire in 1589, entered the Society of Jesuits in 
1624, and on November 5, 1640, die^l of fever at Saint 
Mary. 

Timothy Hayes, alias Hammer, w^as born in Dor- 
setshire, and before 1636 had returned to England. 

Thomas Gervase, a temporal coadjutor, was born 
in Derbyshire in 1590, and in 1624 entered the 
Society. He, with Gravener and Fisher, was in 
1627 at Clerkenwell College. He died in Maryland 
late in the summer of 1 637 of fever. 

John Rogers, born at Frome, in Somersetshire, in 
1584, the son of Protestant parents, and for a time 
a student at Oriel College, Oxford, having been 
converted to the Church of Rome, entered the 
Society in 1624;. came to Maryland about 1636, and 
before 1638 returned to England. 

During the year 1637 the Mission was strengthened 
by the arrival of Copley and Knowles. 

Thomas Copley was the grandson of Thomas 
Copley, who fled to Paris during Queen Elizabeth's 
reign, and was knighted by the King of France, His 
father, William, married Margaretta Prideaux, who 
had been educated under her aunt, a prioress 
of Louvain. He was the eldest son, and educated 
at Louvain. In the Calendar of British State Papers 
under date of December 1, 1634, Thomas Copley, in 
a petition to the King states that he is an alien 



51 

born, and therefore believes.he is not liable to trou- 
ble for his religion, by the laws of the realm, yet 
fearing he may be molested by some messengers 
while following occasions which concern his fath- 
er's and his own estate, prays his Majesty to refer 
his petition to one of the principal Secretaries. On 
the lOtli of the month a warrant of 'protection was 
issued^ nnder the King's seal. He arrived in Marj?^- 
• land on the 8th of Angust, 1637, and was a valnable 
temporal co-adjntor, and held lands as Thomas 
Copley, Esq., for the nse of the Society. Among the 
Land Office memoranda is the following: " Thomas 
Copley, Esq., demandeth 4,000 acres of land due by 
conditions of plantations, for transporting into this 
Province himself, and twenty able men at his own 
charge to plant and inhabit in the year 1637." A 
few months later it is recorded that there has been 
"shipped in the St. Margaret for Thomas Copley, 
Esq., cloth, hatchets, knives, hoes, to trade with the 
Indians for beaver." On the 13th of May, 1638, 
there was also entered "for Mr. Thomas Copley, one 
hundred weight of beaver, traded for with the In- 
dians." He was living in 1650, but the time of his 
death has not been ascertained. 

John Knowles, who came in the same vessel with 
Copley, was born in Staffordshire in 1607, and en- 
tered the Society in 1634. In about six weeks after 
his arrival in Maryland he died. 

Two more missionaries, Poulton and Morley, ar- 
rived m 1638. 

Ferdinand Poulton, alias John Brock or Brookes, 
was born in Buckinghamshire about 1630. and on 

1 Copy of the warrant is in " Fownters of Maryland," Munsell, 18V9, p. 92. 



52 

the 5th of July, H>41,, he was accidentally shot, 
while crossing the river, near St. Mary. 

Walter Morley was born in 1591 at London, 
educated at Rome, and died in Maryland on the 
6th of March, 1641, a few months before Poulton. 
He w^as a temporal co-adjutor. 

In the Jesuits reports it is mentioned that in 1642 
the only missionaries in Maryland were White, 
Fisher and Rigby; Gervase, Gravener, Poulton, and 
Morley' had died, while Hays and Rogers had re- 
turned to England. 

In 1644 one known as Father Bernard Hark- 
well, or Hartwell, had joined the mission and acted 
as Superior. 

John Cooper came about the same time, was born 
in Hants, A. D., 1600, entered the Society in 1632. He 
was taken prisoner with White and Fisher, and 
in 1646 died in Virginia. From A.D. 1645 to 1648, 
there were no Jesuit priests in Maryland. 

1 Foley, in part 7th of " Records of English Jesuits," mentions Henvv Morley, alias 
l.iiwi-enee Kigby who came to Maryland, but left the Society of Jesus", in 1648. Mhea 
in ' History of Catholic Missions." writes that Father Roger Rigby, born in Lancashire 
ni 1008, entered the Society at 21 years of age; came to Maryland about 164u: carried 
to Virginia and died. 



INDEX. 



Act of 1649 concerniug religion, 37. 
opposed by Koman catliolics,46. 
Alexander, Sir William, 5. 
Anacostan Indians. 29 
Ark, the ship detained, 8, 11. 
Arundel, of Wardour, 8. 
Avalon, charter of 5. 

Baltimore. Lord first, see Calv.eH 

George. 
Baltimore, Lord second, see Calvert 

Cecil. 
Barbadoes, charter of. 5. 
Bermudas, non-conformists. 39. 
"Black George," ship leaks, 27. 
Blackmau, Capt , receives deer, 28. 
Blane Walter, 46. 
Blome, on toleration act, 45. 
Blount, father Richard S J., 5, 10. 
Books, earliest on Maryland, 15. 
Brent, Margaret. 16 
Brick offered by Gov. Harvey, 14. 
Brick made in Maryland. 25 
Brickmaker, early, 25 
Brome Hall, Suffolk, 16. 
Brooke, Francis, 46. 
Brooke, Lord, on toleration, 38. 
Brough. William, 46. 
Byrd, Col. of Westover, Va , 33. 

Calvert, George, 1st Lord Balti- 
more, 6. 

Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, 
7. 9 ; poor, 7, 8 ; arrangements 
with Jesuits, 1 ; criticised, 21, 
46; wishes to expel Jesuits, 35; 
censured by Charles 2d. 42, 46; 
alleged fidelity to Parliment, 
43,46. 

Calvert,Leonard,Go v . embarkation 
11 ; plants a cross, 15; poverty 
of, 16; criticicism on, 16, 32; 
flees to Viiginia, 23 

Canada. Cornelius, an early brick- 
maker, 25. 



Cardinal Manning, error of. 11. 

Carlisle Earl, charter of, 5. 

Carolana, charter of, 5 

Catholics Roman, few, 12, 14, 44. 

Catholics Protestant, many, 12, 14. 

Chalmers, George, lawyer, 6. 

Charter of Avalon. of Barbadoes, 
of Carolana, of Maryland, 5. 

Clayborne, William, 30, 32. 

Cooper, .Tohn, Jesuit, noticed, 52. 

Copley, Thomas, Jesuit, noticed, 50. 

Cornwallis, Thomas, 11; ancestry 
of, 16, 17 ; his prominence, 18, 
19; house described, 18, 23; 
assists Capt. Ingle, 23 ; is fijaed 
for sympathy with Ingle, 23 : 
marriage of, 25 ; death of, 25. 

Cornwallis, Rev. Thomas, 25. 

Custis, G. VV. P., 33. 

Davenant, the poet, commissioned 

as Gov. of Md., 4 , 46. 
Deer for King Charles, 28. 
Dove, the pinnace, 8, 11. 
Dovle, on Md. Charter, 7, on Lord 
" Baltimore, 20, 46. 

Evelyn, George, ancestry of, 31 • 
commander of Kent. Inland, 
32 ; architect and traveler, 33. 

Evelyn, .John, cousin of George, 
33 ; diary ol, 33. 

E^■%lyn, Robert, brother of George, 
32 ; explores Delaware river, 
father of George, 31 , 32. 

Evelyn, Mountjoy, son of George, 
33. 

Faith of the Colonists, 11. 
Fenwick, Cuthbert, 46- 
Ferrar, Rev. Nicholas, 39. 
Fisher, Philip, Jesuit missiouarv , 

noticed. 48, 49. 
Fleet, Edward, son of Henry, 31. 
Fleet. .John, son of Henry, 31. 
Fleet, Reynold, son of Henry, 31. 



54 



Index. 



Fleet, Henry, Prolertant, 15; early 
trader, 29 ; captured by In - 
dians, 30; factor of VV^arwick, 
30; at Falls of Potomac, 30; in 
Md. Assembly, 31 ; in Va As- 
sembly, 31. 

Gardiner's error as to Md. charter, 
5 ; as to Holy church, 22 

Gerrard, Richard, notice of. 13. 

Gerrard, Surgeon, 29. 

Gervase, Thomas, .Jesuit mission- 
ary, noticed, 50. 

Gibbons, Capt Edward, 38, 41. 

Graveuer, John, Jesuit mission- 
ary, noticed, 50. 

Hammond, on Puritan immigra- 
tion 44. 

Harrison. Rev. Thomas. 4l. 42. 

Harvey, Gov. of Va , 14,27, 30 

Hawley, Gabriel, 27. 

Hawley, Gov ot Harbadoes, 21, 

Hawley, .Tames. 21. 

Hawley, Jerome, early life. 21. 

Hawley, Jerome, notice of. 25, 28. 

Hawley, William, brother of Jer- 
ome, 21. 

Hayes. Timothy Jesuit Mission- 
ary, noticed. 50. 

Hebden Thomas, 32. 

Hill, Edward, 30 

Holy Church, meaning of, 21. 22. 

Ingle. C.apt Richard, 22, 23, 24. 

Jesuit missions to ludians, 47. 

Jesuit controversy with Baltimore, 
34, 37. 

Jesuit missionaries, notices of, 
47,52 

Johnson, Bradley T. essaj^ of, II, 
14. 

Knowles, .Tohn, Jesuit missionary, 
noticed 51. 

Land Philip 46, 

Laud, Archbishop, 27. 

Lewger, John, Secretary, 12, 13,20. 

Lewger, John, offends Jesuits, 13. 

Lindsey. .lames, servant, 16. 

Manners, George, 46. 

Manning, Cardinal inaccurate, 11. 

Matthews, Thomas, 46. 

Maryland charter restrictive, 5, 6; 
opinions on, 6, 7. 

More, Henry, Vice Provincial, S. 
J,, 12; censures Levv,.er. 12, 
13 ; declares that Roman Cath- 
olics are lew and poor, 12, 14. 



Morley, Walter, .Jesuit missionary 
52. 

Newport, Capt. plants a cross, 14. 
Northey. Sir Edward, on Md. 

charter, 6. 
Nova Scotia, charter of, 5. 
Oath, of allegiance, 8, 27 
Oath of fidelity overhauled, 44. 

Paschatoway, 15. 

Penington. Admiral, 8. 

Peasley, William, 1 5, 36. 

Piscataquack, 30. 

Plowden on toleration, 44. 

Protestants, a large majority, 12, 
14. 

Puritan immigration desired, 38, 
44. 

Poulton, Ferdinand, Jesuit mis- 
sionary. 51. 

Pose3\ Francis, 46. 

Puddiugton, George, 46. 

Revel 1, Randall. 

Rigby, Jesuit missionary. 

Robl)ins, Robert. 46 

Rogers Jesuit missionary, 50 

Roman Catholics, few and poor, 

13, 14 ; oppose act of, 1649. 
Rosetti, Aich bishop, 35. 

St Mary, town site selected, 15. 

Salem, 30 

Sayie, Governor, 41. 

Scharf not acquainted with Jesuit 
records, 14. 

Snow, Abel, 29; .Justinian, 28, 29; 
Marmaduke, 29; Susanna. 29. 

Strafford, Earl of letters to 7. 9. 

Streeter, S. F. misappreheniion of, 
24. 

Toleration. Lord Brooke on, 38 ; 
Maryland, act ot; 27; Milton 
on, 38; for Somer Island. 39, 
40 ; pamphlet by Richardson, 
42 ; as expressed by Plowden, 
44 ; proclamation of parlia- 
ment, 41. 

Vaughau, Robert, 46. 
W^arwick. enrl of on toleration, 41 . 
Wlnthrop, Gov 38. 41. 
White, father Andrew, noticed. 48 
Young Thomas explores Delaware 
hiver, 32. 



MARYLAND IN THE BEGINNING: 

A BRIEF SUBMITTED TO THE 

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 
ASSOCIATION 



JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 



EDWARD D. NEILL. 



•' Truth is the daughter of Time." 

" Qui statult aliquid, parte inaudita altera, 
^quum licet statuerit, haud aequui. full." 



BALTIMOEE: 

CUSHINGS AND BAILEY, 
262 Baltimore Street. 
1884. 



